Go Nitro: To Stand Divided: 2

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R. F. D'Vries, M. Iglesias, N. Snejko, S. Alvarez-Garcia, E. Gutierrez-Pueblaa and M. A. Monge, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 1191 RSC. Bigger file sharing : Upload files up to 500 MB so you can share videos, photos, and more with ease. b) H. R. Brinkman, W. H. Miles, M. D. Hilborn and M. C. Smith, Synth. Commun., 1996, 26, 973 CrossRef CAS PubMed. e) U. Sharma, P. Kumar, N. Kumar, V. Kumar and B. Singh, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2010, 352, 1834 CrossRef CAS PubMed;

a) F. C. Lizana, D. Lamey, S. G. Quero, N. Perret, L. K. Minsker and M. A. Keane, Catal. Today, 2011, 173, 53 CrossRef PubMed; Highly dispersed gold NPs supported on organic–inorganic hybrid silica were shown to exhibit good catalytic activity and stability for liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds by Tan et al. 27 p-CNB was reduced with 80% selectivity with a significant amount of p-chloronitroso intermediate remaining. Similarly hydrogenation of CNBs to chloroanilines with complete selectivity was reported over Au/ZrO 2 catalyst with H 2 gas in ethanol by He et al. 28 Recently, gold NPs embedded in boronate self-assemblies were used for selective reduction of 4-nitrostyrene using H 2 gas. 29 Adding small amounts of Pt entities (0.01–0.03 wt%) onto the Au surface of a Au/TiO 2 catalyst was shown to be an efficient approach to improve the catalytic activity of Au for the hydrogenation of p-CNB by He et al., 30 where the C–Cl bond remained intact. Excess amounts of Pt (>0.03 wt%) and high reaction temperatures caused the occurrence of the undesired catalytic hydrodechlorination reaction of p-CNB. Reusability of this catalyst system was demonstrated for five cycles without leaching of any of the metals. The chemical community had ignored gold due to its low reactivity, but recently its unique catalytic properties have drawn the attention of numerous research groups, which has been reflected in a number of research publications in the literature. Wu et al. 55 loaded Cu NPs on a MIL-101(Cr) metal–organic framework which showed enhanced catalytic activity for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds.Hu L, Peng F, Xia D, He H, He C, Fang Z, Yang J, Tian S, Sharma VK, Shu D (2018) ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:17391–17401 Ru dye-sensitized TiO 2 was reported by Konig and coworkers as a catalyst in the presence of green light for this reduction and triethanolamine (TEOA) as reducing agent. 107a Addition of a small amount of transition metals (less than 0.1 mol%) led to significant enhancement of photocatalytic activity. The optimal catalytic amount of the transition metal (Pt, Pd, Au and Ag) required for quantitative reduction depended on the nature of the metal and the method of preparation. Amounts higher than 1 mol% decreased the catalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity also depended upon the oxidation state of the metal source. Critical cluster sizes of 2 nm are required for good photocatalytic activity and the size depended upon the metal loading. Similar morphologies were found for all the transition metals. A quantum efficiency of 8% was determined for the reduction reaction under the optimized reaction conditions. Aldehyde, ketone, ester, cyano and halogen were compatible for this reduction. Dehalogenation occurs with higher loading of platinum. Green light photoreduction of nitrobenzene was also demonstrated on a laboratory preparative scale. Chen et al. 107b have reported reduction of nitro compounds using TiO 2 photocatalyst by UV and visible dye-sensitized systems. e) Y. Feng, A. Wang, H. Yin, X. Yan and L. Shen, Chem. Eng. J., 2015, 262, 427 CrossRef CAS PubMed. The discussion is organized with respect to the use of reducing agents such as molecular H 2, hydrides, hydrazine, in situ H 2 generation, metal reductants, redox systems, light-induced electron transfer and biotic reduction in benign, clean, non-hazardous and non-polluting processes for reduction of nitroarenes.

f) R. V. Jagadeesh, G. Wienhofer, F. A. Westerhaus, A. E. Surkus, M. M. Pohl, H. Junge, K. Junge and M. Beller, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 10972 RSC; L. Huang, P. Luo, M. Xiong, R. Chen, Y. Wang, W. Xing and J. Huang, Chin. J. Chem., 2013, 31, 987 CrossRef CAS PubMed.Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol by sodium borohydride was achieved by Ballauff and coworkers in the presence of Pt/Au NPs embedded in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes, which consist of a polystyrene core onto which a dense layer of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes are grafted. The average size of these NPs was approx. 2 nm. 53 a) Y. Zheng, K. Ma, H. Wang, X. Sun, J. Jiang, C. Wang, R. Li and J. Ma, Catal. Lett., 2008, 124, 268 CrossRef CAS; a) L. Pehlivan, E. Métay, S. Laval, W. Dayoub, P. Demonchaux, G. Mignani and M. Lemaire, Tetrahedron Lett., 2010, 51, 1939 CrossRef CAS PubMed; Hydrogenation of nitroarenes catalyzed by gum acacia-supported Pt colloids with 0.24 mol% catalyst loading in water at r.t. using H 2 at 1 atm is described by Sreedhar et al. 20 This catalytic condition was inert to halogens, aldehydes and ketones with selective reduction of nitro group in 68 to 95% yield. The yields were found to be consistent for 5 cycles with no leaching of metal.

Dlatego też, by umożliwić tym wszystkim użytkownikom możliwość kontynuacji znajomości bez szukania nowego miejsca, chcielibyśmy zachować Czat, Forum i MiniBlog. A cylindrical piece of Au/graphene hydrogel, 1.08 cm in diameter and 1.28 cm in height, was synthesized through the self-assembly of Au/graphene sheets under hydrothermal conditions by Li et al. 46 The hydrogel, containing 2.26 wt% Au, 6.94 wt% graphene, and 90.8 wt% water, exhibited excellent catalytic performance towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. The high catalytic activity arises from the synergistic effect of graphene: (1) the high adsorption ability of graphene towards 4-nitrophenol, providing a high concentration of 4-nitrophenol near to the Au NPs on graphene; and (2) electron transfer from graphene to Au NPs, facilitating the uptake of electrons by 4-nitrophenol molecules.a) X. Han and J. Li, Indian J. Chem., Sect. A: Inorg., Bio-inorg., Phys., Theor. Anal. Chem., 2007, 46, 1747 Search PubMed; On the desktop or web client (this is not available on mobile), go to User Settings > Subscriptions. D. G. Desai, S. S. Swami, S. K. Dabhade and M. G. Ghagare, Synth. Commun., 2001, 31, 1249 CrossRef CAS PubMed. d) R. J. Kalbasi, A. A. Nourbakhsh and F. Babaknezhad, Catal. Commun., 2011, 12, 955 CrossRef CAS PubMed; Gao L, Ying D, Shen T, Zheng Y, Cai J, Wang D, Zhang L (2020) ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 8:10881–10891

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