Imagine You Are An Aluminum Atom: Discussions With Mr. Aluminum

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World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR, ed. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/44053 . ISBN 9789241547659. In aqueous solution, Al 3+ exists as the hexaaqua cation [Al(H 2O) 6] 3+, which has an approximate K a of 10 −5. [10] Such solutions are acidic as this cation can act as a proton donor and progressively hydrolyze until a precipitate of aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH) 3, forms. This is useful for clarification of water, as the precipitate nucleates on suspended particles in the water, hence removing them. Increasing the pH even further leads to the hydroxide dissolving again as aluminate, [Al(H 2O) 2(OH) 4] −, is formed. Besi (Fe) juga kerap kali muncul dalam aluminium paduan sebagai suatu "kecelakaan". Kehadiran besi umumnya terjadi ketika pengecoran dengan menggunakan cetakan besi yang tidak dilapisi batuan kapur atau keramik. Efek kehadiran Fe dalam paduan adalah berkurangnya kekuatan tensil secara signifikan, tetapi diikuti dengan penambahan kekerasan dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil. Dalam paduan 10% silikon, keberadaan Fe sebesar 2,08% mengurangi kekuatan tensil dari 217 hingga 78 MPa, dan menambah skala Brinnel dari 62 hingga 70. Hal ini terjadi akibat terbentuknya kristal Fe-Al-X, dengan X adalah paduan utama aluminium selain Fe. The ultimate corollary of this extraordinary situation has been that Professor Chris Exley - as one of Keele's most loyal, prolific, and celebrated research academics - was forced to abruptly terminate his career in August 2021. Aluminum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 Maret 2012 . Diakses tanggal 6 Maret 2012. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan ( bantuan)

Penambahan mangan memiliki akan berefek pada sifat dapat dilakukan pengerasan tegangan dengan mudah (work-hardening) sehingga didapatkan logam paduan dengan kekuatan tensil yang tinggi namun tidak terlalu rapuh. Selain itu, penambahan mangan akan meningkatkan titik lebur paduan aluminium. Throughout the 20th century, the production of aluminium rose rapidly: while the world production of aluminium in 1900 was 6,800 metric tons, the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons in 1916; 1,000,000 tons in 1941; 10,000,000 tons in 1971. [97] In the 1970s, the increased demand for aluminium made it an exchange commodity; it entered the London Metal Exchange, the oldest industrial metal exchange in the world, in 1978. [90] The output continued to grow: the annual production of aluminium exceeded 50,000,000 metric tons in 2013. [97] All four trihalides are well known. Unlike the structures of the three heavier trihalides, aluminium fluoride (AlF 3) features six-coordinate aluminium, which explains its involatility and insolubility as well as high heat of formation. Each aluminium atom is surrounded by six fluorine atoms in a distorted octahedral arrangement, with each fluorine atom being shared between the corners of two octahedra. Such {AlF 6} units also exist in complex fluorides such as cryolite, Na 3AlF 6. [f] AlF 3 melts at 1,290°C (2,354°F) and is made by reaction of aluminium oxide with hydrogen fluoride gas at 700°C (1,300°F). [44]

Komposisi utama aluminium paduan cor pada umumnya adalah tembaga, silikon, dan magnesium. Al-Cu memberikan keuntungan yaitu kemudahan dalam pengecoran dan memudahkan pengerjaan permesinan. Al- Si memmberikan kemudahan dalam pengecoran, kekuatan, ketahanan pada temperatur tinggi, dan pemuaian yang rendah. Sifat pemuaian merupakan sifat yang penting dalam logam cor dan ekstrusi, yang pada umumnya merupakan bagian dari mesin. Al-Mg juga memberikan kekuatan, dan lebih baik dibandingkan Al-Si karena memiliki ketahanan yang lebih tinggi hingga logam mengalami deformasi plastis (elongasi). Namun konsentrasi lebih dari 10% dapat mengurangi kemudahan dalam pengecoran. Ion aluminium dalam air (seperti aluminium sulfat dalam air) digunakan untuk mengobati parasit ikan seperti Gyrodactylus salaris. [32] The vast majority of compounds, including all aluminium-containing minerals and all commercially significant aluminium compounds, feature aluminium in the oxidation state 3+. The coordination number of such compounds varies, but generally Al 3+ is either six- or four-coordinate. Almost all compounds of aluminium(III) are colorless. [34] Aluminium hydrolysis as a function of pH. Coordinated water molecules are omitted. (Data from Baes and Mesmer) [43]

Professor Christopher Exley is a firm believer that science is only useful when it is properly communicated. Scientific papers are difficult vehicles for the wider communication of science and thus he has always endeavored to tell the story of his scientific research as widely as possible through myriad blogs, presentations, and interviews. Through a series of easy-reading entries written for non-scientists, Exley will educate readers about his lifelong scientific passion: aluminum. In scientific circles, aluminum-in relation to human health specifically-has gone the way of the dinosaurs (though, unlike dinosaurs, there has not yet been a popular revival!). Yet aluminum is also the greatest untold story of science. Video with Paul Offit showing his wrong assumption. https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/video/there-difference-between-aluminum-injected-vs-ingested Berbagai barang rumah tangga, mulai dari peralatan masak hingga mebel. Densitas rendah, tampilan yang baik, kemudahan dalam proses pembentukan, dan ketahanan yang baik adalah faktor utama penggunaan aluminium. Aluminium's per-particle abundance in the Solar System is 3.15 ppm (parts per million). [57] [h] It is the twelfth most abundant of all elements and third most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers, after hydrogen and nitrogen. [57] The only stable isotope of aluminium, 27Al, is the eighteenth most abundant nucleus in the Universe. It is created almost entirely after fusion of carbon in massive stars that will later become Type II supernovas: this fusion creates 26Mg, which, upon capturing free protons and neutrons becomes aluminium. Some smaller quantities of 27Al are created in hydrogen burning shells of evolved stars, where 26Mg can capture free protons. [58] Essentially all aluminium now in existence is 27Al. 26Al was present in the early Solar System with abundance of 0.005% relative to 27Al but its half-life of 728,000 years is too short for any original nuclei to survive; 26Al is therefore extinct. [58] Unlike for 27Al, hydrogen burning is the primary source of 26Al, with the nuclide emerging after a nucleus of 25Mg catches a free proton. However, the trace quantities of 26Al that do exist are the most common gamma ray emitter in the interstellar gas; [58] if the original 26Al were still present, gamma ray maps of the Milky Way would be brighter. [58] Earth Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of iron oxide minerals. The Ceramic Society of Japan (2012). Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm.541. ISBN 978-4-431-54108-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 November 2019 . Diakses tanggal 13 Juli 2018. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan ( bantuan)You are mentioned in The Guardian together with Prof Andrew Pollard and Prof. Heidi Larson in two articles (a copy of the articles is seen beneath). Toxic Substances Portal - Aluminum – from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, United States Department of Health and Human Services

The nature of alum remained unknown. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum. [73] In 1595, German doctor and chemist Andreas Libavius experimentally confirmed this. [74] In 1722, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that the base of alum was a distinct earth. [75] In 1754, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash. [75]Aluminium metal has an appearance ranging from silvery white to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. [d] Aluminium mirrors are the most reflective of all metal mirrors for the near ultraviolet and far infrared light, and one of the most reflective in the visible spectrum, nearly on par with silver, and the two therefore look similar. Aluminium is also good at reflecting solar radiation, although prolonged exposure to sunlight in air adds wear to the surface of the metal; this may be prevented if aluminium is anodized, which adds a protective layer of oxide on the surface.