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Scott and his four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole, through a combination of starvation and cold. [75] The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was later named after these two men. Finally, to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region, the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. [113] Recent history [ edit ] The MV Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. M. Barré, K. Rawer: "Quelques résultats d’observations ionosphériques effectuées près de la Terre Adélie". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics volume 1, issue 5–6 (1951), pp. 311–314.

Otto Nordenskiöld 1869–1928". South-pole.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2008. Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands, of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10° too far east and did not see it. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61° 52′ S by 95°E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60°S to 147°E. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. In November 1773, Cook left New Zealand, having parted company with the Adventure, and reached 60°S by 177°W, whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed. The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days, being compelled after reaching 67° 31′ S to stand north again in 135°W. [8] a b Klaus Dodds (2012). The Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191633515. dive past walls of ice before they can even begin fishing. Weddell seal adaptations How are Weddell seals adapted to survive in Antarctica? The most southerly dwelling of all mammals they live at The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist. [8]

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In response to this and earlier German explorations, the British Admiralty and Colonial Office launched Operation Tabarin in 1943 to reassert British territorial claims against Argentine and Chilean incursion and establish a permanent British presence in the Antarctic. [105] The move was also motivated by concerns within the Foreign Office about the direction of United States post-war activity in the region. These explorers, despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration, were unable to penetrate the interior of the continent and, rather, formed a broken line of discovered lands along the coastline of Antarctica. Following the expedition south by the ships Erebus and Terror, James Clark Ross (January, 1841) suggested that there were no scientific discoveries, or 'problems', worth exploration in the far South. [35] What followed is what historian H.R. Mill called 'the age of averted interest' [35] and in the following twenty years after Ross' return, there was a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration. [35] Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration [ edit ]

Hīroa, Te Rangi (1964). Vikings of the Sunrise. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. pp.116–117. Archived from the original on 2021-09-02 . Retrieved 2021-09-07.Bertrand, Kenneth J. (1971). Americans in Antarctica 1775–1948. New York: American Geographical Society. Hero: A New Antarctic Research Ship". PalmerStation.com. 1968. Archived from the original on 2017-05-28 . Retrieved 2017-06-03. These developments also concerned Norwegian whaling interests, who wished to avoid the British taxation of whaling stations in the Antarctic and were concerned that they would be commercially excluded from the continent. The whale-ship owner Lars Christensen financed several expeditions to the Antarctic with the view to claim land for Norway and establish stations on Norwegian territory to gain better privileges. [95] The first expedition, led by Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad, landed on Peter I Island in 1929 and claimed the island for Norway. On 6 March 1931, a Norwegian royal proclamation declared the island under Norwegian sovereignty [95] and on 23 March 1933 the island was declared a dependency. [96] Uncle Bob is on an expedition to the South Pole, and he sent me a photo of his frozen baked beans but I don’t know where to place it on the map. Chrissie: Yeah, the ice goes over the land and the sea, and scientists have noticed that the warm sea water is melting some of the ice, causing sea levels to rise all around the world!

Borchgrevink, Carstens (1901). First on the Antarctic Continent. George Newnes Ltd. ISBN 978-0-90-583841-0. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 11 August 2008. pp. 4–5 Mills, William James (11 December 2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57-607422-0. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 September 2008. pp. 135–139

Francis Drake, like Spanish explorers before him, had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. Indeed, when Schouten and Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land. [8]