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While Jacobite agents continued in their attempts to recruit the disaffected, the most committed Jacobites were often linked by relatively small family networks, particularly in Scotland; Jacobite activities in areas like Perthshire and Aberdeenshire centred on a limited number of influential families heavily involved in 1715 and 1745. [108]

Thursday 16th June 1746 – Bonnie Prince Charlie meets Flora MacDonald on the Isle of Skye. She helps him to escape by dressing him as a woman! The British authorities enacted a series of measures designed to prevent the Scottish Highlands being used for another rising. New forts were built, the military road network finally completed and William Roy made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands. [120] Much of the power held by the Highland chiefs derived from their ability to require military service from their clansmen and even before 1745 the clan system had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions; the Heritable Jurisdictions Act removed such feudal controls by Highland chiefs. [121] This was far more significant than the better-known Act of Proscription which outlawed Highland dress unless worn in military service: its impact is debated and the law was repealed in 1782. [121] Charles Edward Stuart in old age; in 1759, he was dismissed by French ministers as "incapacitated by drink" Elcho, David (2010) [1748]. A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland in the Years 1744–46. Kessinger Publishing. p.289. ISBN 978-1163535240. This small unit, numbering only around 80 Chisholm tenants of Strathglass under the chief's 5th son, joined Charles at Inverness shortly prior to Culloden, at which perhaps 30 of its men were killed. [81] A key factor in recruiting was the feudal nature of clan society, which obliged tenants to provide their landlord with military service; the majority of Highland recruits came from a small number of western clans whose leaders joined the rebellion, like Lochiel and Keppoch. [24] This obligation was based on traditional clan warfare, which was short-term and emphasised raiding, rather than set piece battles; even experienced Highland generals like Montrose in 1645 or Dundee in 1689 struggled to keep their armies together and it continued to be a problem in 1745. [25]Built around a nucleus of 200 of Perth's tenants from the Crieff area, this large regiment at various times included Highland, Lowland and English companies, the last of which went to form the basis of the Manchester Regiment, along with 'deserters' recruited after Prestonpans. It temporarily received a second battalion raised in Aberdeen and Banffshire and was 750 strong during the invasion of England; several companies were left at Carlisle. The regiment was not at Falkirk, but 200 men fought at Culloden; as Perth was commanding the Jacobite left it was led by his relative the Master of Strathallan. [87] The standard, we do know, was planted by the Jacobite Duke of Atholl, or Marquis of Tullibardine in the official Scots peerage, another of the Seven Men, who had fought for the Stuarts in 1715 and 1719. A frail man, seeming older than his 58 years, he was helped by two others to hold it steady as Charles read out the proclamation of his father as King James VIII and III, followed by his own appointment as Prince Regent to act in his father’s absence. Mitchison, Rosalind (1983). Lordship to Patronage: Scotland, 1603-1745 (New History of Scotland) (1990ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748602339. Known to 19th-century Irish historians as the " Patriot Parliament", it opened by proclaiming James as the rightful king and condemning the "treasonous subjects" who had ousted him. There were some divisions among Irish Jacobites on the issue of returning all Catholic lands confiscated in 1652 after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The majority of the Irish House of Commons wanted the 1652 Cromwellian Act of Settlement repealed in its entirety, with ownership returned to that prevailing in 1641. This was opposed by a minority within the Catholic elite who had benefited from the 1662 Act of Settlement, a group that included James himself, Tyrconnell and other members of the Irish House of Lords. Instead, they suggested those dispossessed in the 1650s should be restored to half their estates and paid compensation for the remainder. [62] However, with the Commons overwhelmingly in favour of complete restoration, Tyrconnell persuaded the Lords to approve the bill. [63] A single troop of 50 men raised in Edinburgh by John Murray of Broughton and officered by a group of Lothian gentry. It is unclear why they were designated as hussars, a role until then unknown in Britain; their clothing included a fur-trimmed hussar cap of obsolete French pattern. [85] As Murray of Broughton served on Charles' staff, the Hussars were led by Captain George Hamilton of Redhouse until his capture at Clifton, and then by an Irish professional, Major John Bagot of the French Regiment Roth. Bagot recognised that the unit would be ineffective in open battle and instead trained them to operate as light cavalry in the continental manner. [90]

At Fort Augustus in March the artillery had some success; a French engineer mortared the fort's magazine, forcing its surrender. Charles' relationship with the Scots began to deteriorate during pre-invasion discussions in Edinburgh and worsened when Murray resigned at Carlisle prior to being reinstated. After Derby, the War Council met only once more, an acrimonious session at Crieff in February 1746. Disappointment and heavy drinking resulted in repeated accusations by Charles that the Scots were traitors, reinforced when Murray advised abandoning plans to invade England. Instead, he proposed an insurgency in the Highlands that would "...oblige the Crown to come to terms, because the war rendered it necessary...English troops be occupied elsewhere". [21] James III and VIII (16 September 1701–1 January 1766), James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as the Chevalier de St. George, the King over the Water, or the Old Pretender. (Son of Which it did. Whether he changed his mind because Charles reportedly said to him: “Lochiel, who, my father has often told me, was our firmest friend, may stay at home and learn from the newspapers the fate of his prince,” or because Charles guaranteed to recompense him for his estates if they were confiscated by the government, is not recorded. The result was the same: with Lochiel’s men, Charles now had the start of an army. The rising could now go ahead. Of the prisoners held at Carlisle after the rising, only 8% were Catholic, though this may be affected by the composition of the Carlisle garrison. 68.2% were of the Church of Scotland (probably including Episcopalians) and 22.4% of the Church of England. Gildart to Sharpe, 26 Oct 1746The ensign used aboard ships of the Scottish Government, such as the patrol boats of Marine Scotland [ citation needed]