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An object which has constant restoring force regardless of displacement. This is derived from Newton’s second law of motion, which states:

Intermolecular force: The force that is applied between the molecules is called the intermolecular forces. These intermolecular forces are applied in a constant manner so as to maintain the stability of the molecule.

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As stated previously, the mole is a unit that relates a variety of measurements to one another and to chemically-significantquantities. The previous sections of this chapter have defined and discussed Avogadro's number, 6.02× 10 23, which quantifies the number of individual atoms, ions, or moleculesthat are present within a substance, and" component within" molar quantities, whichindicate the relative ratios of the elements that are present within a compound or molecule. On 25 August 1609, Galileo Galilei demonstrated his first telescope to a group of Venetian merchants, and in early January 1610, Galileo observed four dim objects near Jupiter, which he mistook for stars. However, after a few days of observation, Galileo realized that these "stars" were in fact orbiting Jupiter. These four objects (later named the Galilean moons in honor of their discoverer) were the first celestial bodies observed to orbit something other than the Earth or Sun. Galileo continued to observe these moons over the next eighteen months, and by the middle of 1611, he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods. The force known as "weight" is proportional to mass and acceleration in all situations where the mass is accelerated away from free fall. For example, when a body is at rest in a gravitational field (rather than in free fall), it must be accelerated by a force from a scale or the surface of a planetary body such as the Earth or the Moon. This force keeps the object from going into free fall. Weight is the opposing force in such circumstances and is thus determined by the acceleration of free fall. On the surface of the Earth, for example, an object with a mass of 50kilograms weighs 491 newtons, which means that 491 newtons is being applied to keep the object from going into free fall. By contrast, on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50kilograms but weighs only 81.5newtons, because only 81.5 newtons is required to keep this object from going into a free fall on the moon. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight W of an object is related to its mass m by W = mg, where g = 9.80665m/s 2 is the acceleration due to Earth's gravitational field, (expressed as the acceleration experienced by a free-falling object). Consequently, historical weight standards were often defined in terms of amounts. The Romans, for example, used the carob seed ( carat or siliqua) as a measurement standard. If an object's weight was equivalent to 1728 carob seeds, then the object was said to weigh one Roman pound. If, on the other hand, the object's weight was equivalent to 144 carob seeds then the object was said to weigh one Roman ounce (uncia). The Roman pound and ounce were both defined in terms of different sized collections of the same common mass standard, the carob seed. The ratio of a Roman ounce (144 carob seeds) to a Roman pound (1728 carob seeds) was:

the electronvolt (eV), a unit of energy, used to express mass in units of eV/ c 2 through mass–energy equivalence Atomic weightand molecular weightare molar quantities that relate to the mass of an element or a compound, respectively. Therefore, the word " mass"is the first indicator word that is associated with applying one of these values in a problem-solving context. Alternatively, mass units, such as" grams,"" kilograms," or " milligrams," also serveasindicators for utilizing these molar relationships. Pennington, Robert. "Mass Media Content as Cultural Theory." The Social Science Journal 49.1 (2012): 98-107. Print. the solar mass ( M ☉), defined as the mass of the Sun, primarily used in astronomy to compare large masses such as stars or galaxies (≈ 1.99 ×10 30kg) For other situations, such as when objects are subjected to mechanical accelerations from forces other than the resistance of a planetary surface, the weight force is proportional to the mass of an object multiplied by the total acceleration away from free fall, which is called the proper acceleration. Through such mechanisms, objects in elevators, vehicles, centrifuges, and the like, may experience weight forces many times those caused by resistance to the effects of gravity on objects, resulting from planetary surfaces. In such cases, the generalized equation for weight W of an object is related to its mass m by the equation W = – ma, where a is the proper acceleration of the object caused by all influences other than gravity. (Again, if gravity is the only influence, such as occurs when an object falls freely, its weight will be zero).Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementary particles, theoretically with the same amount of matter, have nonetheless different masses. Mass in modern physics has multiple definitions which are conceptually distinct, but physically equivalent. Mass can be experimentally defined as a measure of the body's inertia, meaning the resistance to acceleration (change of velocity) when a net force is applied. [1] The object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. According to relativity, mass is nothing else than the rest energy of a system of particles, meaning the energy of that system in a reference frame where it has zero momentum. Mass can be converted into other forms of energy according to the principle of mass–energy equivalence. This equivalence is exemplified in a large number of physical processes including pair production, beta decay and nuclear fusion. Pair production and nuclear fusion are processes in which measurable amounts of mass are converted to kinetic energy or vice versa. Pendulum motion: The motion of the pendulum is one of the common examples of constant force. The force applied over the pendulum does not change with

DeFleur, Melvin L., and Everette E. Dennis. "Understanding Mass Communication." (Fifth Edition, 1991). Houghton Mifflin: New York. There are several distinct phenomena that can be used to measure mass. Although some theorists have speculated that some of these phenomena could be independent of each other, [2] current experiments have found no difference in results regardless of how it is measured: The particular equivalence often referred to as the "Galilean equivalence principle" or the " weak equivalence principle" has the most important consequence for freely falling objects. Suppose an object has inertial and gravitational masses m and M, respectively. If the only force acting on the object comes from a gravitational field g, the force on the object is:

W n n = W m m {\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{n}}={\frac {W_{m}}{m}}} , or equivalently W n W m = n m . {\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{W_{m}}}={\frac {n}{m}}.} Albert Einstein developed his general theory of relativity starting with the assumption that the inertial and passive gravitational masses are the same. This is known as the equivalence principle. Work done: Work done by a constant force is the work done by a constant force of 2 Newtons on an object having a mass of 3 kilograms. For example, consider a problem that would require a calculation ofhow many grams of Xe are present in 8.0 moles of Xe. The unit " grams" indicates that a mass-based conversion will be required to solve this problem. More specifically, because Xe, xenon, is an element, an atomic weightequality should be developed and applied to solve this problem. Galilean free fall Galileo Galilei (1636) Distance traveled by a freely falling ball is proportional to the square of the elapsed time.

Isaac Newton, Mathematical principles of natural philosophy, Definition I. Newtonian mass Earth's Moon the dalton (Da), equal to 1/12 of the mass of a free carbon-12 atom, approximately 1.66 ×10 −27kg. [note 2] Active gravitational mass determines the strength of the gravitational field generated by an object. As stated earlier, the constant force is directly proportional to that of acceleration produced in a body. Moreover, the direction of the constant force will be in the direction of the acceleration.According to K. M. Browne: "Kepler formed a [distinct] concept of mass ('amount of matter' ( copia materiae)), but called it 'weight' as did everyone at that time." [9] Finally, in 1686, Newton gave this distinct concept its own name. In the first paragraph of Principia, Newton defined quantity of matter as “density and bulk conjunctly”, and mass as quantity of matter. [13] Humans, at some early era, realized that the weight of a collection of similar objects was directly proportional to the number of objects in the collection: An early use of this relationship is a balance scale, which balances the force of one object's weight against the force of another object's weight. The two sides of a balance scale are close enough that the objects experience similar gravitational fields. Hence, if they have similar masses then their weights will also be similar. This allows the scale, by comparing weights, to also compare masses.