Tonies Rubble Audio Play Character from Paw Patrol

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In Northern Ireland, the origin of stone used varies considerably, however stone is broadly categorised into two types according to how the walls are constructed – uncoursed or coursed. The finish of the stone can be described as ‘Rubble’ (stones once cut from the quarry or removed from the ground/field are relatively untouched) or ‘Ashlar’ (dressed, worked with tools/some elements are carved). Rubble stone Uncoursed rubble masonry is often utilized in non-load-bearing walls or structures where strength and uniformity are not primary concerns. Rubble stonework is found in all regions of Northern Ireland. Rubble stone can be split along the bedding planes giving shapes that can be knit tightly together. The quality of rubble stonework varies widely. The best has the stones selected in size to form a consistent pattern throughout, with special stones set to bind the corners and other weak points. The voids are filled with mortar and stone chips. Care should be taken that chips are not laid on the bedding. Larger stones are placed at quoins. List what materials from cutting out or demolition should be set aside and numbered if necessary for reuse and any cleaning or other preparation which must be carried out.

Quality of mortar: The quality of mortar used in rubble masonry is vital for its strength and durability, the mortar should have appropriate proportions of cement, sand, admixture and water. Wattle and daub - Conceptually analogous to rubble within ashlar in the sense that a frame is filled in with a filler material. The construction pattern of this type of wall resembles that of uncoursed random rubble masonry. The major difference is that this masonry is roughly levelled up to courses at irregular intervals unlike the uncoursed random rubble masonry, where the stone pieces are not laid in courses.The Stone Database provides a tool for identifying which stone type has been used in a building, wall or structure.

Describe replacement materials whether they are to be new or re-claimed and in this context it may be necessary to say from where they can be obtained.Respect for the unique heritage of local areas: reflects vernacular architecture authentically yet cost-effectively

The Romans made extensive use of rubble masonry, calling it opus caementicium, because caementicium was the name given to the filling between the two revetments. The technique continued to be used over the centuries, as evidenced by the constructions of defensive walls and large works during medieval times.

The choice of which type of rubble masonry to use depends on various factors such as the nature of the construction project, the desired aesthetic appeal, and the available resources. Excessive moisture in the timber joints can ultimately lead to structural issues if not dealt with at an early stage. The infill panels are also vulnerable to damp. Steps to take Natural beauty: the inherent diversity of colouring, texture and pattern within natural stone makes it one of the most beautiful and timeless materials to work with Its usage can be detected in medieval cathedral walls and some historic buildings. The cathedral walls have an outer facing of ashlar while the inner hearting comprises dry rubble masonry. Square rubble masonry consists of stones that are dressed (squared on all joints and beds) before laying, [ citation needed] set in mortar, and make up the outer surface of a wall.

The stone beds are hammer/chisel dressed to at least 10 cm depth from the face to facilitate proper bonding. The vertical joints in the consecutive courses should not be allowed to coincide. The Greeks called the construction technique emplekton [4] [5] and made particular use of it in the construction of the defensive walls of their poleis. Repair: The position of the damp will be a good guide to its origin – failures of the roof; rainwater drainage and external plasters are dealt with in other sections. Ground damp can be counteracted in two ways: Mud and fieldstone are the earliest walling materials within buildings which remain in use today. Both have continued in use throughout recorded time into the beginning of this century. A limited amount of rubble stonework is still built today and there are few people living who can give first-hand accounts of building with mud. Materials MudRubble is broken stone, of irregular size, shape [1] and texture; undressed especially as a filling-in. Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as ' brash' (compare cornbrash). [2] Where present, it becomes more noticeable when the land is ploughed or worked. First sort: Stones are squared on all joints. Bed joints are chisel dressed up to 80 mm into the face. Height of the courses should be minimum 150 mm. Also, the courses should be regular. To inject the wall with a chemical which prevents water movement. This method requires holes to be drilled at regular intervals and is visually unacceptable in most historic buildings – listed building or scheduled monument consent should always be obtained before undertaking works which involve these risks to the passage of moisture out of the walls and this level of alteration. In solid rubble masonry walls the core often contains voids and decayed mortar which will result in an uneven distribution of the chemical. To avoid this, the wall are often prepared by washing out the loose material at the base of the wall and then grouting to fill the voids. The grout should be of similar strength to the original mortar, and be lime-based. The chemical is then expected to form an even and continuous barrier. This method is uncertain in its coverage and operatives normally require the removal of a meter of plaster on the interior and its replacement with hard cement render to avoid bridging. This hard covering will also disguise any failure of coverage leading to long-term potential damage, and so this method is rarely advised in historic buildings..