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Resistance from the military command and concerns about high production cost were finally overcome by anxieties about the poor performance of Soviet tanks in the Winter War in Finland, and the effectiveness of German tanks during the Battle of France. The first production T-34s were completed in September 1940, completely replacing the production of the T-26, the BT series and the multi-turreted T-28 medium tank at the KhPZ plant. [25] Koshkin died of pneumonia (exacerbated by the drive from Kharkiv to Moscow) at the end of that month, and the T-34's drivetrain developer, Alexander Morozov, was appointed Chief Designer. [26]

Zaloga, Steven J. (2004). T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004. New Vanguard 102. illustrated by Hugh Johnson. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-792-1.During the Korean War, the USA captured a T-34-85. US engineering analysis and testing concluded that the T-34-85 could penetrate 4.1in (100mm) at 1,000yd (910m), performing similarly to the HVAP rounds of the M41. The Americans also concluded the maximum range of the gun was 2–3km (1.2–1.9mi), but the effective range was only up to 1,900m (1.2mi). [ citation needed] Mobility The T-34's 12-cylinder Model V-2-34 diesel engine at the Finnish Tank Museum in Parola Yemen: 250 reported in 2016; [182] 30 reported operational by IISS in 2014. [183] Unknown number in 2023, possibly non-serviceable. [184] Zaloga, Steven J.; Grandsen, James (1983). T-34 in Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal. ISBN 0-89747-112-1.

Glantz, LTC David M. (1983). Leavenworth Papers No. 8 - August Storm: Soviet Tactical and Operational Combat in Manchuria, 1945 (PDF). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute . Retrieved 26 September 2023. Fowler, Will; Bean, Tim (2002). Russian Tanks of World War II – Stalin's Armoured Might. London: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0760313022. Usually, tanks carry smaller caliber armament for short-range defense where fire from the main weapon would be ineffective or wasteful, for example when engaging infantry, light vehicles or close air support aircraft. A typical complement of secondary weapons is a general-purpose machine gun mounted coaxially with the main gun, and a heavier anti-aircraft-capable machine gun on the turret roof. Some tanks also have a hull-mounted machine gun. These weapons are often modified variants of those used by infantry, and so use the same kinds of ammunition.The T-34 was essential in resisting the German summer offensive in 1942, and executing the double encirclement manoeuvre that cut off the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad in December 1942. The Sixth Army was surrounded, and eventually surrendered in February 1943, a campaign widely regarded as the turning point of the war on the Eastern Front. Ukraine: use of a T-34 during the Russo-Ukrainian War was reported by some news outlets, but has not been confirmed by official sources. [187] [188]

Lai, Benjamin (2012). The Chinese People's Liberation Army since 1949. Elite No. 194. Osprey. ISBN 9781780960562. Jentz, Thomas; Doyle, Hilary (1993). Tiger 1 Heavy Tank 1942–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-337-0. German Leopard 2A6 from a Panzerbattalion fires its main gun during the shoot-off of Strong Europe Tank Challenge. A Merkava Mk IIID Baz firingA Wa Pruef 1 report estimated that, with the target angled 30° sideward, a Panther tank could penetrate the turret of a T-34-85 from the front at ranges up to 2000m, the mantlet at 1200m, and the frontal hull armour at 300m. [58] [ full citation needed] According to the Pantherfibel (the Panther tank manual for its crew), the T-34's glacis could be penetrated from 800m and the mantlet from 1500m at 30° sideward angle. [59] a b c Axe, David (10 January 2019). "The Tank That Helped Russia Defeat Nazi Germany Has Finally Retired (In Laos)". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019 . Retrieved 12 January 2019. Modern tanks also use sophisticated light intensification and thermal imaging equipment to improve fighting capability at night, in poor weather and in smoke. The accuracy of modern tank guns is pushed to the mechanical limit by computerized fire-control systems. A fire-control system uses a laser rangefinder to determine the range to the target, a thermocouple, anemometer and wind vane to correct for weather effects and a muzzle referencing system to correct for gun-barrel temperature, warping and wear. Two sightings of a target with the range-finder enable calculation of the target movement vector. This information is combined with the known movement of the tank and the principles of ballistics to calculate the elevation and aim point that maximises the probability of hitting the target. After improved German Panzer IVs with the high-velocity 7.5cm (2.95in) KwK 40 gun were encountered in combat in 1942, a project to design an entirely new Soviet tank was begun, with the goals of increasing armour protection while adding modern features like a torsion-bar suspension and a three-man turret. The new tank, the T-43, was intended to be a universal model to replace both the T-34 and the KV-1 heavy tank. However, the T-43 prototype's armour, though heavier, was not capable against German 88mm guns, while its mobility was found to be inferior to the T-34. Finally, although the T-43 shared over 70% of its components with the T-34, manufacturing it would still have required a significant slow-down in production. [116] Consequently, the T-43 was cancelled. Wachowski, Tomasz (2004). "Nieznany T-34" (The Unknown T-34) in Nowa Technika Wojskowa ( New Military Equipment) 11/2004, p. 53. Warsaw: Magnum-X. ISSN 1230-1655