Snakes Coloring Book for Kids: Reptilian Drawing Book for Child of All Ages | Gift Idea for Childrens and Toddlers Who Like Animals!

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Neuroscientist Paul MacLean conceived the 'Triune Brain' model in which three major brain structures are thought to be in control of three major aspects of human thought and behavior. One of these brain structures is referred to as the 'Pre-reptilian' or primal brain, as it is in charge of our basic, primal drives, such as self-preservation, preservation of family, and reproduction. One of the major functions of the primal brain is to help us distinguish between threatening and non-threatening stimuli. At its most basic form, this function is represented in our ability to distinguish between familiar objects, things, people, scenarios, etc. and unfamiliar objects, etc. immediately. Designing according to the primal brain can encompass all of the basic drives we have, but one of the most effective ways of targeting the primal brain is to make new things seem familiar. References & Where to Learn More We used the 2009 Human Footprint index (HF) 42—the most up-to-date HF dataset—to designate spatial patterns of human pressure. The HF index evaluates each grid cell based on the intensity of eight measures of human pressure (built environments, crop land, pasture land, human population density, night-time lights, railways, roads, navigable waterways), weighted according to estimates of their relative levels of human pressure 41, 42, and assigns an HF value between 0 (lowest human pressure) and 50 (greatest human pressure) to each cell 42. We up-scaled the HF data from its original 1 × 1 km resolution to our 96.5 × 96.5 km grid for species distribution data by taking the mean value from all 1 km x 1 km grid cells coincident with each 96.5 km x 96.5 km grid cell (Supplementary Fig. 8). Spatial value metric for conserving PD Böhm, M. et al. The conservation status of the world’s reptiles. Biol. Conserv. 157, 372–385 (2013).

Oaks, J. R. A time-calibrated species tree of crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles. Evolution (New York) 65, 3285–3297 (2011). Mishler, B. D. et al. Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia. Nat. Commun. 5, 4473 (2014). With a little practice, you’ll be able to draw all sorts of different reptiles. So, get out your pencils and paper and give it a try! Gathering the Necessary Materials Figure 51-4 Azurophils from a snake ( A) and a monocyte from a Green iguana ( B). Azurophils, generally regarded to be of monocytic origin, are round, mononuclear cells with round to oval nuclei and numerous dustlike, fine, pink cytoplasmic granules. The pink granules are not evident in this monochrome image. The reptilian monocyte (B) is similar to the mammalian monocyte. (Wright’s stain; original magnification 1000×.) To determine whether the potential loss of PD was greater than if extinction risk was randomly distributed across the reptilian tree of life, we then selected 100 random sets of species corresponding to an equal number of species as those observed to be threatened and dropped them from their respective phylogenies. We then compared the distribution of potential PD loss from species observed to be threatened with the distribution generated from randomised extinction using a paired t-test.

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This pattern is particularly pronounced in squamates and amphibians, where considerably greater proportions of the highest-ranking HITE species for these groups are Data Deficient than either birds or mammals. This suggests that many of the poorly known amphibians and reptiles are likely to be highly evolutionarily distinct and restricted to regions of intense human pressure. Although such prevalence of high-ranking Data Deficient HITE species is likely driven by higher proportions of data deficiency in amphibians (22%) and reptiles (15%) compared with mammals (14%) and, especially, birds (0.5%) 29, it also highlights that many species in areas of high human impact may well be at high risk of extinction. To test whether regions of high PE are coincident with high human pressure at greater levels than we would expect if human pressure was distributed randomly across the global distributions of reptiles, we followed Venter et al. 42 by selecting the richest 10% of grid cells for reptilian PE (hereafter‘high value grid cells’) and calculated the proportion of these high value grid cells that are also deemed to be under high or very high human pressure (Human Footprint ≥ 6) 42. We then redistributed observed Human Footprint values at random across all terrestrial grid cells in which reptiles occur and recalculated the proportion of high value grid cells now considered to be under high or very high human pressure. We repeated this randomisation 1000 times to generate a distribution of randomised overlap scores for comparison with the observed proportion of overlap. Many of the highest-ranking HITE tetrapods which have also been classified by the IUCN Red List as Endangered or Critically Endangered are also recognised as priority Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species 52. However, as HITE does not consider IUCN Red List extinction risk data, and uses only phylogeny, range size, and human pressure, we also identify species of conservation importance which are currently unassessed or listed as Data Deficient or non-threatened by the IUCN Red List. Indeed, we found that Data Deficient tetrapods tend to have HITE scores comparable to those of species listed as Endangered or Critically Endangered. We can therefore use the ratio of HIPE to PE for grid cells experiencing the highest level of human pressure (very high; HF ≥ 12) to identify regions where large proportions of the PD present is under very high human pressure. These are represented by grid cells under very high human pressure and where the ratio of HIPE to PE approaches 1, indicating the PD is largely being divided equally among grid cells with very high human pressure. The Western Ghats, large parts of the Caribbean, the Philippines, Japan, and the Mediterranean harbour reptilian PD that is overwhelmingly restricted to regions of very high human pressure (HIPE/PE ratio > 0.9, Fig. 3c). Rosauer, D., Laffan, S. W., Crisp, M. D., Donnellan, S. C. & Cook, L. G. Phylogenetic endemism: a new approach for identifying geographical concentrations of evolutionary history. Mol. Ecol. 18, 4061–4072 (2009).

There are several methods available for mapping imperiled PD 8, 10, 22, 33, 34 and, in lieu of explicit extinction risk data, range-restricted species have often been used to identify regions of high conservation value 8, 22. Phylogenetic endemism (PE) 8 and evolutionary distinctiveness rarity (EDR) 22 weight branches of the phylogeny by the range sizes of the descendant species to identify regions containing large amounts of PD restricted to small areas. These methods prioritise highly irreplaceable regions but do not incorporate spatial measures of vulnerability, such as human impact, limiting their practical application in conservation planning 35, 36. Unfortunately, while range data are now available for 99% of reptiles 32, up-to-date extinction risk data (i.e. published in the past 10 years 29, 37) are not yetavailable for all reptile species 29. Without comprehensive extinction risk assessments for all reptiles, range data can be combined with environmental data to determine spatial vulnerability 38, 39, 40. It’s the same with UFO conspiracy theories,” MacDonald says. “Often, there is an idea that governments are hiding something: look at Area 51. There’s always an ‘us and them’ angle with conspiracy theories (otherwise who would be conspiring?) – and usually it’s governments who are the ‘them’.” We calculated the TE, HP-weighted distributions, and HITE for all tetrapods and ranked the species from each clade to identify the species with the highest HITE scores. Data deficiency and PD loss Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK Böhm, M. et al. Correlates of extinction risk in squamate reptiles: the relative importance of biology, geography, threat and range size. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25, 391–405 (2016).Consider a grid cell under high human pressure (HP-weighted score = 0.2) where only two branches are present, both comprising 10 MY of PD. Both branches also occur in one other grid cell, branch A in a low impact grid cell with a HP-weighted score of 1 (for a total HP-weighted distribution score of 1.2) and branch B in a high impact grid cell with a HP-weighted score of 0.2 (total HP-weighted range of 0.4, or two grid cells scored at 0.2). Under traditional PE, the grid cell receives 50% of the PD from each branch (5 MY) as it comprises 50% of the total distribution of the branch (one of two grid cells). Under HIPE, however, branch A would apportion only 1/6th (1.667 MY) of its PD to the grid cell as it contributes only 1/6th of the total HP-weighted distribution score (0.2 of total 1.2), with the remaining 5/6th of the PD being apportioned to the grid cell with a HP-weighted score of 1. Conversely, as branch B occurs only in two grid cells of HP-weighted score 0.2, the grid cell comprises 50% of the HP-weighted distribution of the species (0.2 of total 0.4) and is apportioned 50% of the PD of the branch (5 MY) (Supplementary Table 1; Fig. 1). Global patterns of reptilian HIPE emphasise the importance of regions where large amounts of PD are under very high human impact; these are particularly pronounced across biodiversity hotspots 49 in the Caribbean, the Western Ghats, the Philippines and Japan (Fig. 3c). These grid cells represent areas of high urgency for the conservation of global reptilian PD and would perhaps benefit most from restorative conservation actions. Conversely, regions where PD is largely restricted to regions of low human pressure would benefit most from the establishment, enforcement and expansion of protected areas to safeguard irreplaceable and not-yet-impacted diversity (Supplementary Fig. 4). It is a commonly accepted view in mainstream archaeology that civilization started in ancient Mesopotamia with the great civilization of Sumer in what is now modern-day Iraq. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists excavating at Tell Al’Ubaid in Iraq made an unusual discovery when they unearthed several 7,000-year-old artifacts which appear to represent humanoid figures with reptilian features.