London Lives: Poverty, Crime and the Making of a Modern City, 1690–1800

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St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1790-93, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/19, LL ref: GLBAEP10301, Tagging Level: Aa With the growth of associational charities in the eighteenth century, several hospitals were founded by philanthropic men who wished to ameliorate the lives of the poor, contribute to the increasing population and prosperity of the nation, and improve their own social position. These hospitals tended to be more selective than the royal hospitals in the range of people and conditions they cared for, and included: The volumes reproduced in this database are part of a complex and nearly complete set of parochial records that encompass the whole range of interactions between the parish and individual paupers. Account books, vestry minutes, workhouse committee minutes, outdoor relief accounts, pauper apprenticeship records, and a comprehensive set of settlement examinations, along with a plethora of miscellaneous documents, survive for Chelsea for the mid-eighteenth century, and are preserved in the London Metropolitan Archives The Database of Poll Books is organised into six fields, with further information about the date of the relevant election in the results header. Fields which are blank in the original have been suppressed in the version displayed here. Where information is available for each possible field the record will include: St Clement Danes, Examinations Book, 1752-1753, Westminster Archives Centre, Ms. B1175, LL ref: WCCDEP35811, Tagging Level: B

Evidence concerning the labour disputes which occurred in several trades in the eighteenth century can be found in the Old Bailey Proceedings and the Sessions Papers (PS), primarily in trials where workers were charged with riot, damaging property, or conspiracy (to force up wages). Supple, Barry. Insurance in British History. In Westall, O. M., ed. The Historian and the Business of Insurance. Manchester, 1984, pp. 1-8. In addition, the working practices of those who were employed by the institutions whose archives are included in London Lives, including parishes, Bridewell, and St Thomas's Hospital, are well documented in their records. In particular, the Minutes of the Court of Governors (MG) include considerable information about the staff employed by Bridewell and St Thomas's, as well as contractors brought in to work on the buildings and fabric.St Clement Danes, Examinations Book, 1779-1783, Westminster Archives Centre, Ms. B1185, LL ref: WCCDEP35809, Tagging Level: A Harvey, Charles, Green, Edmund and Corfield, Penelope. Continuity, Change, and Specialization within Metropolitan London: The Economy of Westminster, 1750-1820. The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Aug., 1999), pp. 469-493. Beattie, John M. Early Detection: The Bow Street Runners in Late Eighteenth-Century London. In Emsley, Clive and Shpayer-Makov, Haia eds, Police Detectives in History, 1750-1950. Aldershot, 2006, pp. 15-32.

St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1775-76, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/9, LL ref: GLBAEP10315, Tagging Level: ALondon Lives is a major digital edition of primary sources about eighteenth-century London, with a particular focus on the poor and crime. The Old Bailey Online is a digital edition of “the largest body of texts detailing the lives of non-elite people ever published”, containing reports of almost 200,000 trials held at the Old Bailey between 1674 and 1913. Sources and Data In addition to the documents listed below, see also the separate database of St Martin's in the Fields Settlement Examinations. Parish registers for St Botolph Aldgate, 1681-1709 which, in the context of listings of births, marriages and deaths, include some occupations, together with occasional information about place of residence, status, and age.

St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1776-76, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/10, LL ref: GLBAEP10316, Tagging Level: A London Lives makes available, in a fully digitised and searchable form, a wide range of primary sources about 18th-century London,St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1783-84, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/14, LL ref: GLBAEP10320, Tagging Level: A Westminster poll books (1788), London Metropolitan Archives: St Margaret and St John WR/PP/1788/1-3; St Paul and St Martin-le-Grand WR/PP/1788/4; St Anne WR/PP/1788/5; St James WR/PP/1788/8; St Martin WR/PP/1788/15-18; St Clement and St Mary WR/PP/1788/20-21; St George WR/PP/1788/23. October 1774 – General Election - Hugh Percy; Thomas Pelham Clinton; Hervey Redmond Mountmorres; Charles Stanhope Mahon; Humphrey Cotes. St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1776-77, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/11, LL ref: GLBAEP10317, Tagging Level: A Register Date/Company/Reference: An abstracted statement encoding details of the original register, date of the policy, company, and eighteenth-century reference.

The passage of the Act for the better Regulation of the Parish Poor Children (1767), sponsored by Jonas Hanway, which required that all parish children under the age of four should be nursed in the countryside at least three miles from London and Westminster, also encouraged the development of a sub-set of contract workhouses, known as baby farms. 17 It was at a farm of this sort that the infant Oliver Twist was confined and starved. Malvin Zirker, Fielding's Social Pamphlets (Berkeley, California, 1966). For the rebuilding of London's prisons, see Christopher Chalklin, The Reconstruction of London's Prisons, 1770-1799: An Aspect of the Growth of Georgian London, London Journal, 9 (1983), pp. 21-34. ⇑ George I c. 7, An Act for Amending the Laws relating to the Settlement, Imployment and Relief of the Poor. ⇑ Watch rate, St Anne King Square ward (1818), City of Westminster Archives Centre, A/1696; Watch rate, St Anne Leicester Fields ward (1818), City of Westminster Archives Centre, A/1697; Poor rate, St Clement (1818), City of Westminster Archives Centre, B/241; Poor, watch and paving rate, St George Conduit Street ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, C/420; Poor, watch and paving rate, St George Out ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, C/469; Poor, watch and paving rate, St George Grosvenor Street ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, C/519; Poor, watch and paving rate, St George Dover Street ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, C/566; Poor, watch and paving rate, St George Brook Street ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, C/614; Poor, watch and paving rate, St George Curzon Street ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, C/636; Poor rate, St James (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, D/139; Poor, highway and scavenger rate, St Margaret Grand ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, E/623; Poor, highway and scavenger rate, St Margaret Absey ward (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, E/624; Poor, highway and scavenger rate, St John (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, E/625; Poor rate, St Martin (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, F/652; Poor rate, St Mary (1819), City of Westminster Archives Centre, G/304; Poor rate, St Paul (1818), City of Westminster Archives Centre, H/168.St Clement Danes, Examinations Book, 1766-1769, Westminster Archives Centre, Ms. B1181, LL ref: WCCDEP35821, Tagging Level: B In the Old Bailey Proceedings (OBP), place names were consistently marked up for both defendants and victims, but not for other people who testified at trials. St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1773-75, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/8, LL ref: GLBAEP10314, Tagging Level: A During the same period case law came to modify significantly the workings of the settlement system. Of particular importance was the development of the idea of derivative settlements, established by lawyers at the Court of King’s Bench during the eighteenth century, which ensured that if a person did not acquire a new settlement for themselves they would derive their settlement from that of their parents, or even their grandparents. St Botolph Aldgate, Pauper Examination Book, 1787-88, London Metropolitan Archives, Ms. 2676/17, LL ref: GLBAEP10323, Tagging Level: A