25cm with Lights Black and White World Globes Hd Students In Chinese and English Geographic Globesfor Office Home Decoration

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Calaprice, Alice; etal. (27 October 2015). An Einstein encyclopedia. Princeton University Press. p.190. ISBN 978-0691141749. Thermodynamic explanation [ edit ] A Crookes radiometer in action with the light switched on and off. (Note that the explanation given in the caption to the clip doesn't agree with the modern explanation.) Movement with absorption [ edit ] Reynolds, Osborne (1 January 1879). "On certain dimensional properties of matter in the gaseous state …". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 170: 727–845. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1879.0078. ; Part 2.

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Wolfe, David; Larraza, Andres (2016). Alejandro Garcia. "A Horizontal Vane Radiometer: Experiment, Theory, and Simulation". Physics of Fluids. 28 (3): 037103. arXiv: 1512.02590. Bibcode: 2016PhFl...28c7103W. doi: 10.1063/1.4943543. S2CID 119235032.

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When exposed to sunlight, artificial light, or infrared radiation (even the heat of a hand nearby can be enough), the vanes turn with no apparent motive power, the dark sides retreating from the radiation source and the light sides advancing.

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The effect begins to be observed at partial vacuum pressures of several hundred pascals (or several torrs), reaches a peak at around 1 pascal (0.0075 torrs) and has disappeared by the time the vacuum reaches 1 ×10 −4 pascals (7.5 ×10 −7 torrs) ( see explanations note 1). At these very high vacuums the effect of photon radiation pressure on the vanes can be observed in very sensitive apparatus (see Nichols radiometer), but this is insufficient to cause rotation. Another incorrect theory was that the heat on the dark side was causing the material to outgas, which pushed the radiometer around. This was later effectively disproved by both Schuster's experiments [9] (1876) and Lebedev's (1901) [8] Partially correct theory [ edit ] Ohio, The University of Akron. "the radiometer using inquiry to teach energy conversions". The University of Akron, Ohio . Retrieved 10 October 2021. In 2010 researchers at the University of California, Berkeley succeeded in building a nanoscale light mill that works on an entirely different principle to the Crookes radiometer. A gold light mill, only 100 nanometers in diameter, was built and illuminated by laser light that had been tuned. The possibility of doing this had been suggested by the Princeton physicist Richard Beth in 1936. The torque was greatly enhanced by the resonant coupling of the incident light to plasmonic waves in the gold structure. [16] See also [ edit ] The reason for the rotation was a cause of much scientific debate in the ten years following the invention of the device, [1] [2] but in 1879 the currently accepted explanation for the rotation was published. [3] [4] Today the device is mainly used in physics education as a demonstration of a heat engine run by light energy.

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Radiometers are now commonly sold worldwide as a novelty ornament; needing no batteries, but only light to get the vanes to turn. They come in various forms, such as the one pictured, and are often used in science museums to illustrate "radiation pressure" – a scientific principle that they do not in fact demonstrate.