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Iovane, B. et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children: is it time to launch a tailored campaign for DKA prevention in children <5 years? Acta Biomed. 89, 67–71 (2018). The development of persistent, confirmed IA was assessed every three months. Persistent autoimmunity was defined by the presence of confirmed islet autoantibody on two or more consecutive visits. The date of persistent autoimmunity was defined as the draw date of the first sample of the two consecutive samples that deemed the child persistently positive for a specific autoantibody (or any autoantibody). T1D was defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria for diagnosis 43.

Jorma Toppari, Olli G. Simell, Annika Adamsson, Sanna Jokipuu, Leena Karlsson, Jukka Kero, Zhian Othmani, Petra Rajala, Eija Riski, Minna Romo, Satu Ruohonen, Satu Simell, Maija Sjöberg, Mari Vähä-Mäkilä, Sini Vainionpää, Eeva Varjonen, Jorma Ilonen, Annika Adamsson, Eeva Varjonen & Satu Simell

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