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Inositol has been used as an adulterant or cutting agent for many illegal drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and sometimes heroin, [50] probably because of its solubility, powdery texture, or reduced sweetness (50%) compared to more common sugars. Percentage of patients with regular menstrual cycle: 0% at baseline versus 24.3% after three months versus 53.6% after six months Despite its antinutrient effect, phytic acid has potential uses in endodontics, adhesive, preventive, and regenerative dentistry, and in improving the characteristics and performance of dental materials. [49] Use as a cutting agent [ edit ] Nazari L, Salehpour S, Hosseini S, et al. Effect of myo-inositol supplementation on ICSI outcomes among poor ovarian responder patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2020;49(5):101698. View abstract. Islam, S.M.A.; Patel, R.; Acevedo-Duncan, M. Protein Kinase C-ζ stimulates colorectal cancer cell carcinogenesis via PKC-ζ/Rac1/Pak1/β-Catenin signaling cascade. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 2018, 1865, 650–664. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]
Inositol is considered a safe treatment for PCOS and it works by increasing insulin sensitivity which, in turn, improves ovarian function and reduces excess androgen levels. There is also some evidence that inositol can reduce the risk of metabolic disease i.e. increased risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. Gerasimenko, J. V.; Flowerdew, S. E.; Voronina, S. G.; Sukhomlin, T. K.; Tepikin, A. V.; Petersen, O. H.; Gerasimenko, O. V. (December 2006). "Bile acids induce Ca 2+ release from both the endoplasmic reticulum and acidic intracellular calcium stores through activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (52): 40154–40163. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M606402200. PMID 17074764. Pundir, J.; Psaroudakis, D.; Savnur, P.; Bhide, P.; Sabatini, L.; Teede, H.; Coomarasamy, A.; Thangaratinam, S. Inositol treatment of anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomised trials. BJOG 2018, 125, 299–308. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Gynecological Endocrinology: “Comparison of two insulin sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).”Facchinetti, F.; Cavalli, P.; Copp, A.J.; D’Anna, R.; Kandaraki, E.; Greene, N.D.E.; Unfer, V. An update on the use of inositols in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and neural tube defects (NTDs). Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2020, 16, 1187–1198. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] There is no recommended daily allowance (RDA) for inositol. Two different formulas are used in supplements, Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol. Most studies administer between 10 - 18 grams per day of inositol to achieve desired results with minimal to no side effects. Papaleo, E.; Unfer, V.; Baillargeon, J.P.; de Santis, L.; Fusi, F.; Brigante, C.; Marelli, G.; Cino, I.; Redaelli, A.; Ferrari, A. Myo-inositol in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A novel method for ovulation induction. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2007, 23, 700–703. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Stentz R, Osborne S, Horn N, Li AW, Hautefort I, Bongaerts R, Rouyer M, Bailey P, Shears SB, Hemmings AM, Brearley CA, Carding SR (27 February 2014). "A Bacterial Homolog of a Eukaryotic Inositol Phosphate Signaling Enzyme Mediates Cross-kingdom Dialog in the Mammalian Gut". Cell Reports. 6 (4): 646–656. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.021. PMC 3969271. PMID 24529702.
Greff, Dorina; Juhász, Anna E.; Váncsa, Szilárd; Váradi, Alex; Sipos, Zoltán; Szinte, Julia; Park, Sunjune; Hegyi, Péter; Nyirády, Péter; Ács, Nándor; Várbíró, Szabolcs; Horváth, Eszter M. (2023). "Inositol is an effective and safe treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 21 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s12958-023-01055-z. PMC 9878965. PMID 36703143. Women with PCOS are at a higher risk of several diseases and can experience infertility issues ( 15). Jorquera, G.; Echiburú, B.; Crisosto, N.; Sotomayor-Zárate, R.; Maliqueo, M.; Cruz, G. Metformin during Pregnancy: Effects on Offspring Development and Metabolic Function. Front. Pharm. 2020, 11, 653. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine: “Effect of dietary myo-inositol supplementation in pregnancy on the incidence of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial.”Inositol is considered a safe and effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). [35] It works by increasing insulin sensitivity, which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism. [36] It is also shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disease in women with PCOS. [37] In addition, thanks to its role as FSH second messenger, myo-inositol is effective in restoring FSH/LH ratio and menstrual cycle regularization. [38] myo-Inositol's role as FSH second messenger leads to a correct ovarian follicle maturation and consequently to a higher oocyte quality. Improving the oocyte quality in both women with or without PCOS, myo-inositol can be considered as a possible approach for increasing the chance of success in assisted reproductive technologies. [39] [40] In contrast, D- chiro-inositol can impair oocyte quality in a dose-dependent manner. [41] The high level of DCI seems to be related to elevated insulin levels retrieved in about 70% of PCOS women. [42] In this regard, insulin stimulates the irreversible conversion of myo-inositol to D- chiro-inositol causing a drastic reduction of myo-inositol. myo-Inositol depletion is particularly damaging to ovarian follicles because it is involved in FSH signaling, which is impaired due to myo-inositol depletion. [11] Recent evidence reports a faster improvement of the metabolic and hormonal parameters when these two isomers are administered in their physiological ratio. The plasmatic ratio of myo-inositol and D- chiro-inositol in healthy subjects is 40:1 of myo- and D- chiro-inositol respectively. [43] The use of the 40:1 ratio shows the same efficacy of myo-inositol alone but in a shorter time. In addition, the physiological ratio does not impair oocyte quality. [44] One symptom and driver of PCOS is insulin resistance. Up to 95% of people with PCOS have insulin resistance, no matter their body weight. What is insulin resistance? Monastra, G.; Unfer, V.; Harrath, A. H.; Bizzarri, M. (January 2017). "Combining treatment with myo-inositol and D- chiro-inositol (40:1) is effective in restoring ovary function and metabolic balance in PCOS patients". Gynecological Endocrinology. 33 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1247797. hdl: 11573/944617. PMID 27898267. S2CID 24836559. Phelps DL, Watterberg KL, Nolen TL, et al. Effects of Myo-inositol on Type 1 Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Preterm Infants <28 Weeks' Gestational Age: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320(16):1649-1658. View abstract.
Lam S, Mandrekar SJ, Gesthalter Y. A Randomized Phase IIb Trial of myo-Inositol in Smokers with Bronchial Dysplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016;9(12):906-14. View abstract. Vitagliano, A.; Saccone, G.; Cosmi, E.; Visentin, S.; Dessole, F.; Ambrosini, G.; Berghella, V. Inositol for the prevention of gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Gynecol. Obs. 2019, 299, 55–68. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Because inositol is water-soluble, it doesn't have a high risk of overdose. Even at high doses, side effects are mainly limited to nausea, gas, and diarrhea. Amounts and Dosage Allan SJ, Kavanagh GM, Herd RM, Savin JA. The effect of inositol supplements on the psoriasis of patients taking lithium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:966-9. View abstract.
References
Phytic acid". www.phytochemicals.info. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 2018-05-02.
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