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Saving Butterflies: Insect Ecologist Spearheads Creation of Oases for Endangered Butterflies". ScienceDaily. January 1, 2005. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008 . Retrieved May 27, 2008. Since the 1800s, monarchs have spread throughout the world, and there are now many non-migratory populations globally. [109] Abugattas, Alonzo (January 3, 2017). "Monarch Way Stations". Capital Naturalist. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017 . Retrieved June 5, 2017– via Blogger. ( A. tuberosa) is the least favored by monarch caterpillars .... because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves

Nectar Plants for Butterflies & Other Pollinators" (PDF). Plants for Butterfly and Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States. Monarch Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2020 . Retrieved October 1, 2021. Majewska, Ania A.; Altizer, Sonia (August 16, 2019). "Exposure to Non-Native Tropical Milkweed Promotes Reproductive Development in Migratory Monarch Butterflies". Insects. 10 (8): 253. doi: 10.3390/insects10080253. PMC 6724006. PMID 31426310. Physiological experiments suggest that monarch butterflies view the world through a tetrachromatic system. [56] Like humans, their retina contain three types of opsin proteins, expressed in distinct photoreceptor cells, each of which absorbs light at a different wavelength. Unlike humans, one of those types of photoreceptor cells corresponds to a wavelength in the ultraviolet range; the other two correspond to blue and green. [57] Western monarch populations have rebounded slightly since 2014 with the Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count [183] tallying 335,479 monarchs in 2022. The population still has much to go for a full recovery.a b Parsons, J.A. (1965). "A Digitallis-like Toxin in the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus L". The Journal of Physiology. 178 (2): 290–304. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007628. PMC 1357291. PMID 14298120. A 2016 publication attributed the previous decade's 90% decline in overwintering numbers of the eastern monarch population to the loss of breeding habitat and milkweed. The publication's authors stated that an 11%–57% probability existed that this population will go almost extinct over the next 20 years. [169] Emmel, Thomas C. (1997). Florida's Fabulous Butterflies. p. 44, World Publications, ISBN 0-911977-15-5 Overwintering, roosting butterflies have been seen on basswoods, elms, sumacs, locusts, oaks, osage-oranges, mulberries, pecans, willows, cottonwoods, and mesquites. [79] While breeding, monarch habitats can be found in agricultural fields, pasture land, prairie remnants, urban and suburban residential areas, gardens, trees, and roadsides – anywhere there is access to larval host plants. [80] Larval host plants [ edit ] Sensory Systems". Biology. Monarch Watch. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018 . Retrieved October 5, 2021.

Vermont) State Butterfly". Vermont Department of Libraries. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008 . Retrieved March 26, 2008. Satterfield, D. A.; Maerz, J. C.; Altizer, S (2015). "Loss of migratory behaviour increases infection risk for a butterfly host". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1801): 20141734. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1734. PMC 4308991. PMID 25589600. The FAST Act also stated that activities to establish and improve pollinator habitat, forage, and migratory way stations may be eligible for Federal funding if related to transportation projects funded under Title 23. [216]

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Agriculture companies and other organizations are being asked to set aside areas that remain unsprayed to allow monarchs to breed. In addition, national and local initiatives are underway to help establish and maintain pollinator habitats along corridors containing power lines and roadways. The Federal Highway Administration, state governments, and local jurisdictions are encouraging highway departments and others to limit their use of herbicides, to reduce mowing, to help milkweed to grow and to encourage monarchs to reproduce within their right-of-ways. [173] [221] National Cooperative Highway Research Program report [ edit ] Davis, A. K.; Holden, Michael T. (2015). "Measuring Intraspecific Variation in Flight-Related Morphology of Monarch Butterflies ( Danaus plexippus): Which Sex Has the Best Flying Gear?" (PDF). Journal of Insects. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2015 (59170): 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2015/591705 . Retrieved October 17, 2020.

Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle and Migration". National Geographic Education. October 24, 2008. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 15, 2013. Egg". Monarch Joint Venture. 2021. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021 . Retrieved October 6, 2021. Jones, Patricia L.; Agrawal, Anurag A. (2016). "Consequences of toxic secondary compounds in nectar for mutualist bees and antagonist butterflies". Ecology. 97 (10): 2570–2579. doi: 10.1002/ecy.1483. hdl: 1813/66741. ISSN 1939-9170. PMID 27859127. Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2064. In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011) Monarchs now listed as an endangered species in Nova Scotia Canada - a prelude for things to come elsewhere". monarchscience. September 30, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019.Monarch butterflies are a steady presence in Arizona". Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved January 15, 2016. Oberhauser, K. S. (1989). "Effects of spermatophores on male and female monarch butterfly reproductive success". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 25 (4): 237–246. doi: 10.1007/bf00300049. S2CID 6843773. a b Smith, David A.; Gugs Lushai and John A. Allen (2005). "A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (2): 191–212. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x.

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