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It may also be initiated intentionally, e.g. by policies promoting the installation of WiFi and free computers in poor urban areas. [18] Tirole, Jean (1988). The Theory of Industrial Organization. Cambridge: MA: MIT Press. p. 391–2. ISBN 9780262200714. That leapfrogging can arise because an established monopolist has a somewhat reduced incentive to innovate because he is earning rents from the old technology. [4] This is somewhat based on Joseph Schumpeter's notion of ‘gales of creative destruction’. [5] The hypothesis proposes that companies holding monopolies based on incumbent technologies have less incentive to innovate than potential rivals, and therefore they eventually lose their technological leadership role when new radical technological innovations are adopted by new firms which are ready to take the risks. When the radical innovations eventually become the new technological paradigm, the newcomer companies leapfrog ahead of the formerly leading firms. A life cycle is the changes an animal goes through in its life from a baby to an adult. Life cycles go in circles and keep repeating from one generation to the next.
Leapfrogging can occur accidentally, when the only systems around for adoption are better than legacy systems elsewhere, or situationally, such as the adoption of decentralized communication for a sprawling, rural countryside. When an egg hatches, out pops a tadpole (or polliwog). Tadpoles look more like fish than frogs. They do not have any arms or legs. They have long tails and gills to breathe underwater. When tadpoles change into frogs, all the organs of their bodies have to transform to be able to live on land. Brezis, E. S.; P. Krugman (1997). Technology and Life Cycle of Cities. Journal of Economic Growth. p.2: 369–383.
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Aiginger, Karl; Finsinger, Jörg (2013). Applied Industrial Organization: Towards a Theory-Based Empirical Industrial Organization. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p.67. ISBN 9789048144525. A frequently cited example is countries which move directly from having no telephones to having cellular phones, skipping the stage of copperwire landline telephones altogether. [15]
Miller, Robert R. (2001). Leapfrogging?: India's Information Technology Industry and the Internet. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. pp.vii. ISBN 9780821349502. Frogs can see forwards, sideways and upwards all at the same time. They never close their eyes, even when they sleep. In the field of industrial organization (IO), the main work on leapfrogging was developed by Fudenberg, Gilbert, Stiglitz and Tirole [3] (1983). In their article, they analyze under which conditions a new entrant can leapfrog an established firm.Similarly a country which has leadership can lose its hegemony and be leapfrogged by another country. This has happened in history a few times. In the late eighteenth century, the Netherlands was leapfrogged by the UK, which was the leader during the whole nineteenth century, and in turn the US leapfrogged the UK, and became the hegemonic power of the 20th century. The mobile phone is an example of a “leapfrog” technology: it has enabled developing countries to skip the fixed-line technology of the 20th century and move straight to the mobile technology of the 21st. It is proposed that through leapfrogging developing countries can avoid environmentally harmful stages of development and do not need to follow the polluting development trajectory of industrialized countries. [9] Brezis, E., P. Krugman, and D. Tsiddon. (1993). Leapfrogging: A Theory of Cycles in National Technological Leadership. American Economic Review. pp.1211–1219. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
Munasinghe, M. (1999). "Is environmental degradation an inevitable consequence of economic growth: tunneling through the environmental Kuznets curve". Ecological Economics. 29 (1): 89–109. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00062-7. Leapfrogging is a concept used in many domains of the economics and business fields, and was originally developed in the area of industrial organization and economic growth. The main idea behind the concept of leapfrogging is that small and incremental innovations lead a dominant firm to stay ahead. However, sometimes, radical innovations will permit new firms to leapfrog the ancient and dominant firm. [1] The phenomenon can occur to firms but also to leadership of countries or cities, where a developing country can skip stages of the path taken by industrial nations, enabling them to catch up sooner, particularly in terms of economic growth. [2] Industrial organization [ edit ]Frog eggs float on water and are covered in slimy jelly to protect them. A group of eggs is called a frogspawn. Japan's Low-Carbon Society 2050 Initiative has the objective to cooperate with and offer support to Asian developing countries to leapfrog towards a low-carbon energy future. [19] See also [ edit ]
Leapfrog democracies can refer to countries that have huge developments that more typically advanced countries might only have much later. a b c Šebeňa, Martin (2023). "Technological Power". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1. Fudenberg, Drew, Gilbert, Richard J., Stiglitz, Joseph and Tirole, Jean (1983). Preemption, Leapfrogging, and Competition in Patent Races. " European Economic Review. p.22: 3–31. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Barro, Robert; Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (2003). Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 375. ISBN 9780262025539. OCLC 2614137. The biggest frog in the world is the goliath frog found in Cameroon, Africa. It can be as heavy as a house cat!Frogs are amphibianswhich means they can live on land and in water. They go through many stages in their life: During this stage, the tadpole doesn’t need to eat because it uses the nutrients stored in its tail as food. When just a little stub of a tail is left, it becomes a young frog and hops out of the water onto land.
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