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Erythema and melanin index: in AU, using the Mexameter ® MX 18 by means of the MPA multiple probe adapter: it allows measurement of the two components mainly responsible for skin color: melanin and hemoglobin (erythema). The process is based on a light absorption/reflection principle, using a sensor that emits light at three specific wavelengths, and the receiver measures the light reflected by the skin. By defining the amount of light that is emitted, it is possible to calculate the amount of light that has been absorbed by the skin. Full-body sunscreen was tested on the volar region of the right forearm, and facial sunscreens were used on the left cheek two centimeters from the external canthus of the eye. The volar forearm was divided into two areas (a region without sunscreen—the control area—and an area where the sunscreen was applied). The cheek was divided into 4 areas (an area without sunscreen—the control area—and areas 1, 2, and 3, where each facial sunscreen was applied). The sunscreen was applied to each area and measures were taken after 20 min of application. All variables were also measured on the control area before (basal measure) and 20 min after (control measure). SCH is another important parameter for skin integrity, and lower-than-normal values are also frequently associated with skin-barrier dysfunction. In some publications it has been observed that the face has higher hydration-indices than other anatomical regions [ 26, 27, 28]; however, there is also literature in which the measurements are reversed, and the skin of the forearm is more hydrated than that of the face [ 27]. In our case, our findings were consistent with increased facial-hydration. There are two kinds of sunscreen — mineral (aka physical) and chemical. Even though both types are safe and have the same efficacy, which one you choose may depend on your skin tone and type, says Dr. Idriss. PROTECT YOUR SKIN. The key to practicing safe sun is to protect and moisturize your skin. Our Our Original Sunscreen line is Free From Oxybenzone and Octinoxate, and Gluten and Cruelty Free, to ensure a fun day in the sun.
For an everyday sunscreen you can use on your face (even if you experience acne or eczema flare-ups), reach for EltaMD Facial Sunscreen SPF 46. The light, creamy texture is fast-absorbing and non-greasy, making it easy to apply throughout the day without making your skin feel oily. Along with broad-spectrum sun protection, it also contains skin-loving ingredients like hydrating hyaluronic acid, soothing niacinamide, and antioxidant-rich vitamin E to further protect and soften skin. "The best part is that this sunscreen doesn't transfer, even when you get it wet," our tester says. "It doesn't leave any weird residue on your clothes, either." One thing to note: It has a tendency to peel or flake when layered on top of other skincare products, so be sure to give your skin adequate time to absorb serums before adding the sunscreen on top. Chemical formulas absorb UV rays and convert them into heat, according to Michael Somenek, M.D., a plastic surgeon in Washington, D.C. "This process allows the body to release the UV rays, which ultimately prevents the skin from burning," he says. Chemical sunscreens tend to be better for swimming due to their water-resistant nature but while these lotions and sprays are easier to apply with no white residue, you will need to reapply sunscreen more often than you would with a physical or mineral option. In many cases yes, but for daily protection, face-specific sunscreens have a slightly lighter formulation that your face will thank you for. Some skin types will find that their face responds just fine to body sunscreen, but for oily and breakout-complexions, it’s definitely best to use a sunscreen specifically formulated for the face. The same amount of each sunscreen (0.05 mg) was applied to each area. The measurements of the different parameters were performed under the same conditions of humidity (40–50% relative) and temperature (23 ± 1 °C). Likewise, the participants were instructed to suspend any type of skin care from the previous night, and not to use makeup on the day of the test. Prior to the measurement, participants were given an acclimatization time of 5–10 min. Measurements were performed with the patients in supine position on a couch.
3 major benefits of applying a double layer of sunscreen
Board-certified dermatologist Corey L. Hartmann M.D., previously told InStyle that performing a patch test is key to determining if you'll be reactive to a sunscreen. "Apply a small amount of sunscreen to the underside of your wrist, as the skin in this area is super thin and sensitive so it reacts similarly to the skin on the face," he says. "If you have no reaction, the sunscreen should be fine to use on other parts of the body." The variations between the sunscreens could be due to differences in their composition but also to the differences between the two anatomical regions. It has been shown that the skin of the face is thinner than that of the rest of the body, and that its stratum corneum has fewer layers of corneocytes [ 10, 25], so the effect that the different components have could be greater at this level. In addition, several studies have shown that water-based emollients increase TEWL in psoriasis patients [ 6], which could explain our increase in facial TEWL, as they are water-based sunscreens. Concerning the impact of sex and age, we did not observe great differences between men and women or participants of different age-groups. This fact is important so that recommendations about sunscreen regarding skin-barrier function could be spread to both sexes and different age-groups. It is important to mention that we only include adults, so further research is needed to evaluate the impact of sunscreen on children. But of course, if you live in a warmer climate when more of your skin is exposed year round, you should apply body sunscreen every day too. How much sunscreen should you use on your body? PROTECT SKIN EVEN ON CLOUDY DAYS: Daylight and sun exposure damages skin every day, all year round regardless of the weather. The effects might not be immediately apparent but daily use will help maintain skin health and prevent premature skin ageing
TEWL is one of the most important characteristics of the skin barrier, and numerous studies have shown that high TEWL values are often associated with skin-barrier deficiencies, and lower TEWL with healthy skin [ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. There is also evidence that TEWL decreases with age, which could be misinterpreted as an improvement in the skin barrier [ 17, 21]. TEWL is influenced by many environmental and individual factors, such as age, sex, race, anatomical location, skin temperature and other environmental conditions such as season, smoking habits, type of measurement-technique used, and many other factors [ 22, 23, 24]. The normal range of TEWL is 1 to 25 g/m²/h, and, as we have previously stated, values above this limit indicate dysfunction of the epidermal barrier [ 20, 25] They also follow a different distribution in terms of location, so that it appears to be greater in the facial area compared to other parts of the body such as the forearm [ 17]. In our case, we obtained different results depending on the area, with an improvement of the parameter in the forearm but a slight increase in the facial area. Despite this, they results remain in the normal range. ORIGINAL SPF 30 SUNSCREEN LOTION. This is the stuff we use every day. It’s the formula that started it all. People say it smells like summer. We like that. Whether we’re spending a lazy day at the beach or just hangin’ out, our Original formula is definitely our fav. We chose sunscreens with different compositions and different vehicle formulations. Further research could be carried out to assess whether the same composition in a different vehicle could modify skin-barrier function in a different way. It could be also interesting to develop research to assess if changes in only one excipient may alter the impact of the sunscreen on skin-barrier function.
While sunscreen is often the first thing people reach for in terms of protection, remember that covering your skin is even more effective. Protective clothing, like sun hats or UPF clothing, are another tool to keep in your sun safety arsenal. Sunscreen should be reapplied every two hours, but be extra careful during peak sun times — 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. — depending on the season of the year. Mineral formulas (also called physical sunscreens) form a barrier on your skin that reflects or filters UVA and UVB rays. The dispersed zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide formulas can be more difficult to spread on your skin and leave behind white cast, but they usually last longer than chemical formulas.
InStyle / Jhett Thompson Your Questions, Answered What is the difference between chemical and mineral sunscreen? Looking to pare down your skincare routine and spend less time getting ready in the morning? The Live Tinted Huegard helps you do that: It's a three-in-one daily mineral SPF 30, moisturizer, and primer that protects skin from the sun while imparting a natural glow that looks beautiful both on its own or as a prep step for makeup. It comes out of the bottle with a subtle orange tint (which helps offset the look of a white cast on darker skin tones), and requires a bit of blending, but, according to our tester, feels lightweight nonetheless. "I liked how the orange tint allowed me to see where I was applying the sunscreen, ensuring that I applied it evenly," she explains. "It applied nicely on my olive skin, but it may not be the best for all undertones and skin tones." Both melanin and erythema experience a decrease after the application of sunscreen, and although melanin is not one of the most important parameters for indicating the integrity of the epidermal barrier, erythema is a good indicator of the action of irritants on it, as it is a cardinal sign of inflammation [ 11, 12, 13]. In our study, erythema decreased considerably with respect to skin without sunscreens, so we can determine that, in addition to not irritating the skin, they improve this parameter. In addition, since erythema is a cardinal sign of inflammation and its reduction occurs with all sunscreens, there is a possibility that these have an anti-inflammatory effect, so the study of sunscreens could be expanded in future research projects, since there is no literature on this subject. Nevertheless, it is also possible that sunscreen use alters the colorimeter measurements. It is known that solar radiation has both harmful and beneficial effects on humans, for example, ultraviolet B radiation produces erythema and DNA damage; simultaneously, it induces the synthesis of previtamin D3. In addition to UVB rays, it has been shown that UVA1 rays also induce erythema, a very important factor in the pathogenesis of melanoma and other skin tumors such as keratinocytic carcinoma [ 4]. However, UVA rays also contribute to blood-pressure control and cardioprotection by inducing nitric oxide release from photosensitive derivatives of intracutaneous nitric oxide.
How to apply a double layer of sunscreen this summer?
If you’re going to be spending a lot of time in direct sunlight, then it’s always best to go for SPF 50, even if you want a tan, and especially if you’re having a beach or pool day. Trust us, you’ll still get a tan, but your skin will be much better protected from those harmful rays. You’ll need to reapply your body sunscreen every two hours or every time you get wet. SPF 50 only offers slightly higher UV protection (around 2%), but over a lifetime, this does make a very big difference. Let's get one thing straight: You should be wearing sunscreen everyday, rain or shine. Protecting your skin from the sun is essential — no matter your skin tone, location, or the forecast. Wearing sunscreen is our number one defense against skin cancer and comes with a variety of skin benefits, too. Want to protect the skin barrier? Sunscreen can do that, no problem. How about limit acne scarring? Yup, sunscreen can aid with that, too. And as for reducing fine lines, sunscreen has you covered there as well. Trust us, there's really no reason to ever skip it.
Skin pH is another essential parameter for the evaluation of epidermal functions, as the acidic nature of pH influences skin-barrier function, lipid synthesis and aggregation, epidermal differentiation, desquamation, skin-barrier regeneration and skin antimicrobial-response [ 14, 15]. Elevated pH values are related to the loss of antimicrobial activity, and it has also been shown that, in patients with atopic dermatitis, higher values of the SCORAD index are associated with skin-barrier dysfunction, which is reflected in higher pH and temperature and lower SCH and elasticity [ 15]. In our study we observed that despite the increase in pH after the application of the sunscreen, the values remain within normal ranges, and therefore the epidermal barrier is not affected by it. Active ingredients: Most often, you'll have to choose between chemical and mineral sunscreens (or a mix of both) as your main SPF agents:There are several parameters indicative of the integrity of the skin barrier, and among them transepidermal water-loss (TEWL) is considered one of the most important. It is defined as the flux density of water diffusing from the dermis and epidermis through the stratum corneum to the skin surface. Increased TEWL levels are associated with alterations of the skin barrier [ 7]. Stratum-corneum hydration (SCH) is another important parameter for assessing the barrier function of the skin. It shows the water content of the stratum corneum, and low SCH values are often associated with dermatological conditions and increased disease severity. Other skin characteristics related to skin-barrier function are pH, elasticity, temperature, melanin and the erythema index [ 8, 9, 10, 11]. Formula type: GH Beauty Lab scientists tend to prefer lotions and creams over sprays since "they last on skin longer and are more likely to form a uniform protective coating over skin than sprays," Wizemann says. In addition, "If your skin is prone to dryness, a cream may be better for you," Dr. Chen says. As for kids, "Sprays are easy to use, but they might require a second coating, so spray generously," she notes. Water-resistance to stand up against sweaty days or time spent swimming. Heads up: There’s no such thing as water proof or sweat proof sunscreen. Under current FDA guidelines, there are only “water-resistant for 40 minutes” or “water-resistant for 80 minutes” options. "Sweat- and water-resistant" labeling means the formula maintained its SPF level on testers’ skin in a water bath for the indicated time, says Steven Q. Wang, M.D., a board-certified dermatologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Basking Ridge, New Jersey. Beyond that timeframe, it should be reapplied. The sneaky thing about sun damage is that it accumulates over time, and we may not even notice that our skin has sustained small amounts of damage until it's too late," says Dr. Engelman. "Protecting your skin everyday with sunscreen should be an automatic part of everyone's routine."
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